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Thank you very much for your detailed explanation.
I now understand how the utility is calculated when using effects coding.

You mentioned that the D-error can vary greatly depending on the model specification.
I would like to ask one more question:
How can we judge whether a D-error value is ...

Dear Ngene Support Team,

I have a question about how Ngene calculates utility when using effects coding, and also about the validity of using effects coding for a D-efficient design.

When I changed my model from dummy coding to effects coding, the D-error decreased dramatically—from around 1.0 to ...